List Of Syntax Used In PHP!

Here's a cheat sheet to add to the collection of PHP programmers, happy coding!

Language Category: Object Oriented, Dynamically typed
Various
{ ... }	block (grouping statements, especially when statements are not expressions)
nothing needed	breaking lines (useful when end-of-line and/or indentation has a special meaning)
/* ... */	commenting (non nestable)
#	commenting (until end of line)
//	commenting (until end of line)
< > <= >=	comparison
strcmp	comparison (returns 3 values (i.e. inferior, equal or superior))
/** ... */(1)	documentation comment (non nestable)
Err:510	equality / inequality (shallow)
( ... )	grouping expressions
__LINE__ __FILE__	information about the current line and file
eval	runtime evaluation
case-sensitive: variables case-insensitive: keywords, functions, constants...	tokens (case-sensitivity (keywords, variable identifiers...))
[_a-zA-Z][_a-zA-Z0-9]*	tokens (variable identifier regexp)
=	variable assignment or declaration (assignment)
Functions
create_function(',','...')	anonymous function
f(a,b,...)	function call
f()	function call (with no parameter)
Return(3)	function return value (breaks the control flow)
Control Flow
continue / break	breaking control flow (continue / break)
Return(3)	breaking control flow (returning a value)
if (c) ...	if_then
if (c): ... endif	if_then
if (c) b1 elseif (c2) b2 else b3	if_then_else
if (c): b1 elseif (c2): b2 else: b3 endif	if_then_else
c ? b1 : b2	if_then_else
for	loop (for "a la C" (while + initialisation))
for ($i = 1; $i <= 10; $i--) ...	loop (for each value in a numeric range, 1 decrement)
for ($i = 1; $i <= 10; $i++) ...	loop (for each value in a numeric range, 1 increment (see also the entries about ranges))
for ($i = 1; $i <= 10; $i += 2) ...	loop (for each value in a numeric range, free increment)
while (c) ...	loop (while condition do something)
switch (val) { case v1: ...; break; case v2: case v3: ...; break; default: ...; }	multiple selection (switch)
;	sequence
Types
(t) e	cast (upcast)
Object Oriented & Reflexivity
class	class declaration
this	current instance
get_class	get the type/class corresponding to an object/instance/value
object->method(para)	method invocation
get_class_methods	methods available
o2 = o(4)	object cloning
$o2 = $o	object cloning
new	object creation
new class_name(...)	object creation
is_a	testing class membership
Strings
s[n]	accessing n-th character
chr	ascii to character
ord	character to ascii
(string) e	convert something to a string (see also string interpolation)
str_repeat	duplicate n times
substr	extract a substring
strpos	locate a substring
strrpos	locate a substring (starting at the end)
all strings allow multi-line strings	multi-line
serialize	serialize (marshalling)
print	simple print (on strings)
Echo(5)	simple print (on strings)
printf	simple print (printf-like)
sprintf	sprintf-like
0	string concatenation
Err:510	string equality & inequality
strlen	string size
"\n"	strings (end-of-line (without writing the real CR or LF character))
"... $v ..."	strings (with interpolation of variables)
<<	strings (with interpolation of variables)
'...'	strings (with no interpolation of variables)
string	type name
unserialize	unserialize (un-marshalling)
strtoupper / strtolower	upper / lower case character
strtoupper / strtolower	uppercase / lowercase / capitalized string
Booleans
false	false value
NULL	false value
0(6)	false value
0	false value
""	false value
"0"	false value
array()	false value
!	logical not
|| / &&	logical or / and (short circuit)
or / and	logical or / and (short circuit)
true	true value
bool	type name
boolean	type name
Bags and Lists
array_unshift	adding an element at the beginning (list cons) (side-effect)
array_push	adding an element at the end (side-effect)
foreach	for each element do something
array_shift	get the first element and remove it
array_pop	get the last element and remove it
in_array	is an element in the list
foreach($l as $i => $v)	iterate with index
join(s, l)	join a list of strings in a string using a glue string
implode(s, l)	join a list of strings in a string using a glue string
0	list concatenation
array_merge	list concatenation
array(a, b, c)	list constructor
count	list size
a[i]	list/array indexing
array_unique	remove duplicates
array_reverse	reverse
Sort(7)	sort
array_map	transform a list (or bag) in another one
array	type name
Various Data Types
h[k]	dictionary (access: read/write)
array( a => b, c => d )	dictionary (constructor)
isset(h[k]), array_key_exists(k, h)	dictionary (has the key ?)
array_keys	dictionary (list of keys)
array_values	dictionary (list of values)
array_merge(8)	dictionary (merge)
unset(h[k])	dictionary (remove by key)
array	dictionary (type name)
?:	optional value (null coalescing)
range	range (inclusive .. inclusive)
Mathematics
+ / - / * / /	addition / subtraction / multiplication / division
& / | / ^	bitwise operators (and / or / xor)
~	bitwise operators (bitwise inversion)
<< / >>	bitwise operators (left shift / right shift / unsigned right shift)
pow	exponentiation (power)
log10	logarithm (base 10)
log	logarithm (base e)
%	modulo (modulo of -3 / 2 is -1)
-0	negation
1000.0, 1E3	numbers syntax (floating point)
1000	numbers syntax (integers)
mathematical	operator priorities and associativities (addition vs multiplication)
rand	random (random number)
mt_rand	random (random number)
srand	random (seed the pseudo random generator)
sqrt / exp / abs	square root / e-exponential / absolute value
sin / cos / tan	trigonometry (basic)
/ round / floor / ceil	truncate / round / floor / ceil
float	type name (floating point)
int	type name (integers)
integer	type name (integers)
Remarks
(1) for C, it is not a standard convention, but it is the more widespread
(2) === and !== differ from == and != when the objects' type differ
(3) in Lua, "return xxx" can only appear before a block end. in Matlab, only in inline('...')
(4) object cloning is the default, uses the copy constructor in C++
(5) in BourneShell, adding an end-of-line
(6) beware of 0.0 which is true in Pike!
(7) in Scheme, not standard, but nearly standard
(8) right-bias